
360 Living Models: Inventory
This inventory highlights a curated selection of 360 Living Models from Canada, the United States, and other countries. These models range from low- to high-intensity approaches.
How to use this inventory
Learn
Explore different approaches to deepen your understanding of 360 Living.
Advocate
Use these insights to push for integrated housing and health solutions.
Reference
Draw on these models to guide project design and decision-making.
This inventory excludes pilot-stage hubs and reflects only part of our broader research. Each description provides a high-level snapshot, showcasing the diversity of models and approaches. Several examples are grouped under one model name due to their similarity in concept, description, and key features. Other models, despite similarities, are unique enough to stand alone. This inventory is organized from low- to high- intensity approaches.
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Individuals share a home to reduce costs, provide companionship or offer assistance to each other. Typically, one or more individuals rent out spare rooms in their home to others.
Key features
Multiple people live in a single home, sharing common areas such as a kitchen, living room, and bathroom
Can reduce housing costs by splitting rent, utilities, and/or other living expenses
Residents may offer companionship and/or assistance with care which reduces social isolation.
Home sharing arrangements can be short-term or long-term.
Location
Canada, United States, International
Examples
The Halton HomeShare Program (Age-Friendly World, World Health Organization)
Homesharing for Seniors (Age-Friendly World, World Health Organization)
Intergenerational house-sharing for South Bay (Age-Friendly World, World Health Organization)
Toronto Homeshare Program: More Than Just a Room (Toronto Homeshare)
Sources
HomeSharing. (n.d.). Affordable Housing Solutions.https://homesharing.org
World Health Organization (n.d.). The Halton HomeShare Program. Age-friendly World. https://extranet.who.int/agefriendlyworld/afp/the-halton-homeshare-program/
World Health Organization. (n.d.). ensemble2générations – Habitat partagé en résidence autonomie (Shared housing in an independent residence). Age-friendly World. https://extranet.who.int/agefriendlyworld/afp/habitat-partage-en-residence-autonomie/
World Health Organization. (n.d.). Homesharing for Seniors. Age-friendly World. https://extranet.who.int/agefriendlyworld/afp/homesharing-for-seniors/
World Health Organization. (n.d.). Intergenerational house-sharing for South Bay. Age-friendly World. https://extranet.who.int/agefriendlyworld/afp/intergenerational-house-sharing-south-bay/
Toronto Homeshare Program. (n.d.). Toronto Homeshare Program – More Than Just a Room. https://homeshareto.ca/
Canada HomeShare (n.d.). Housing that Connects Us. HelpAge Canada. https://www.canadahomeshare.com/
AARP. (2015, August). 8 Domains of Livability Case Study: Housing That Mixes Young and Old Benefits Both. https://www.aarp.org/livable-communities/network-age-friendly-communities/info-2015/domain-3-intergenerational-housing-lyon-france.html
Senior Social Living. (n.d.). Homesharing. https://www.seniorsocialliving.com/homesharing
World Health Organization. (n.d.). The Halton HomeShare Program. Age-friendly World. https://extranet.who.int/agefriendlyworld/afp/the-halton-homeshare-program/
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Cohousing is a community-focused housing model where private dwellings are clustered around shared spaces to encourage interaction, collaboration, and mutual support. Residents typically have their own fully equipped homes but share common spaces.
Key features
Each unit is privately owned, but residents share common areas for socializing
Cohousing emphasizes collaborative decision-making, community meetings and a sense of shared responsibility
Models can be intergenerational, senior-focused, or based on shared values and lifestyles.
Location
Canada, United States, International
Examples
Sources
Victoria Harbour Cohousing (n.d.). Discover Cohousing, Explore Collaborative Living.https://www.victoriaharbourcohousing.ca/
Harbourside Cohousing (n.d.). Flourishing through mutual support. https://harbourside.ca/
Boniatti, C., & Bramerini, E. (n.d.). Cohousing in Trentino Alto Adige. Cohousing Trentino. http://www.cohousingtrentino.it/
Womens Housing Initative (n.d). https://whim235.wixsite.com/whim
Senior Social Living. (n.d.). An Exploration of Senior Social Living. https://www.seniorsocialliving.com/
Senior Social Living. (n.d.). Cohousing. https://www.seniorsocialliving.com/cohousing
UHN OpenLab. (2018, May). Taking Charge: Participatory Models of Aging in Plan, Designed by Seniors for Seniors. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5a8bb18ba8b2b09ff5f7ae38/t/5b21d44a2b6a2890518f3b89/1528943715162/AgingWell_UHNOpenLab.pdf
Mahmood, A., et al. (2022). Contextualizing innovative housing models and services within the age-friendly communities framework. The Gerontologist, 62(1), 66-74. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnab115
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Community-based programs and services that support the health and well-being of residents of all ages. Staff and volunteers deliver wrap-around care, helping individuals stay connected, independent, and safe in their homes and community.
Key features
A wide range of volunteer-driven services, including mental health support, youth outreach, senior care, transportation, and emergency preparedness.
Local accessibility reduces the need for mainland travel by offering essential services nearby.
Promotes independence with services like home assistance, Nav-CARE, and equipment loans.
Location
Canada
Examples
Hornby and Denman Islands Community Health Group
Sources
AARP International. (2021, October). The Aging Readiness & Competitiveness Report -Third Edition. https://www.aarpinternational.org/file%20library/arc/aging-readiness-competitiveness-report.doi.10.26419-2fint.00049.001.pdf
Hornby Denman Health Care Society (n.d.). We are Islanders Helping Islands. Hornby and Denman Health. https://hornbydenmanhealth.com/
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Virtual Villages are a community-driven approach to supporting older adults remain in their own homes and communities. Older adults connect with volunteers through a centralized service.
Key features
Membership organization that is developed, governed and funded by older residents within a neighbourhood.
Services are organized through a central intake line and coordinator.
Majority of services are provided by local community volunteers.
Common services include, grocery shopping, light home repairs, transportation, yard work, dog walking, tech support, and companionship.
Location
Canada, United States
Examples
Life-Long Homes Coalition (Age-Friendly World, World Health Organization)
Verde Valley Accessible Transportation (Verde Valley Caregivers Association)
Sources
UHN OpenLab. (2018, May). Taking Charge: Participatory Models of Aging in Plan, Designed by Seniors for Seniors. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5a8bb18ba8b2b09ff5f7ae38/t/5b21d44a2b6a2890518f3b89/1528943715162/AgingWell_UHNOpenLab.pdf
Village to Village Network. (n.d.). Village Movement.https://www.vtvnetwork.org/
Verde Valley Caregivers Coalition. (n.d.). No Senior Left Isolated.https://vvcaregivers.org/
Senior Social Living. (n.d.). Virtual Villages. Senior Social Living
World Health Organization. (n.d.). Life-Long Homes Coalition. Age-friendly World. https://extranet.who.int/agefriendlyworld/afp/life-long-homes-coalition/
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Communities where a significant proportion of residents are older adults, typically in high-density housing such as apartment buildings, co-ops, or neighborhoods not originally designed for seniors. Unlike purpose-built senior housing, NORCs emerge organically as populations age in place.
Key features
Aging in place support with services provided where seniors already live.
Coordinators connect residents to health, social, and recreational programs.
Residents participate in shaping programs based on their needs and interests.
Common spaces designed to promote social connection and community engagement.
Collaboration among residents, property managers, healthcare providers, social services, and policymakers.
Location
Canada, United States
Examples
Sources
The Corner. (n.d.).St. James Town – A World Within a Block. https://www.stjamestown.org/the-corner/
West End Seniors’ Network. (n.d.). Better at Home.https://wesn.ca/better-at-home/
NORC Innovation Centre (n.d.). Welcome to your aging in place guide. NORC Innovation Centre at UHN. https://norcambassadors.ca/
Vertical Aging (n.d.). Vertical Aging: The Future of Aging in Place in Urban Canada. https://verticalaging.uhnopenlab.ca/
University Health Network (n.d.). Creating new possibilities for aging in place. NORC Innovation Centre. https://norcinnovationcentre.ca/
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Hybrid service model designed to support older adults aging in place within Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORCs). Brings together residents, building owners, community agencies, government, and healthcare providers to offer a seamless blend of in-person and virtual care.
Key features
Combines onsite support with digital health services like remote monitoring and telehealth.
Comprehensive wellness services including health promotion, social engagement, and clinical support.
Primary care is brought closer to home, improving accessibility.
Location
Canada
Examples
Sources
University Health Network (n.d.). Connected Care Hub. Vertical Aging UHN Open Lab. https://verticalaging.uhnopenlab.ca/connected-care-hub/
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NORC model that offers programming and services for older adults to support aging in community. Services and activities are based on the identified needs of its members, with members are actively involved in the development of the programs.
Key features
Membership is open to older adults living in the building where the program is run.
Local onsite coordinator that assists with system navigation, activities, events, and programming.
Key multi-sectoral partnerships, including building owners and landlords, local health, community, and social services, and academic institutions.
Location
Canada
Examples
Oasis Senior Supportive Living
Sources
Oasis. (2024). Oasis Communities for Aging Well. https://www.oasisagingwell.com/
UHN OpenLab. (2018, May). Taking Charge: Participatory Models of Aging in Plan, Designed by Seniors for Seniors. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5a8bb18ba8b2b09ff5f7ae38/t/5b21d44a2b6a2890518f3b89/1528943715162/AgingWell_UHNOpenLab.pdf
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Specialized rental apartments for independent older adults, fostering a safe and supportive living environment. The Housing Society has recruited wardens to take care of residents and to organize different types of activities to enrich their living.
Key features
Accessible apartments with adaptive equipment that are integrated into the community.
Access to an emergency alarm system
“Wardens” provide support to the older adults, including recreation programs, outings, health talks, medical checks, assistance with applying for elderly allowances, accompanying to appointments, and contacting organizations for assistance.
Common area is available to tenants for activities and socialization.
Location
International
Examples
Sources
Hong Kong Housing Society. (2018). Developing homes for the elderly. Housing Society Today, Issue 6. Retrieved January 4, 2024, from https://www.hkhs.com/en/publications/issue6-5
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Abbeyfield provides affordable, community-oriented housing for older adults seeking companionship and independence. Small-scale homes accommodate a group of residents who live together supported by a live-in House Coordinator and volunteers. Private rooms ensure personal space, while shared common areas foster a sense of family and social connection.
Key features
Affordable, supportive and accessible housing as an alternative to traditional retirement homes.
Private rooms with ensuite bathrooms, shared dining, kitchen, and living spaces.
Social engagement through shared meals, activities, and outings.
Live-in House Coordinator manages meals, housekeeping, and daily operations.
Location
International
Examples
Sources
Abbeyfield. (n.d.). Abbeyfield House Prince Albert.https://www.princealbertabbeyfield.ca/
Abbeyfield. (n.d.). Abbeyfield Caledon.https://abbeyfieldcaledon.org/
Abbeyfield Houses Society of Canada (n.d.). https://abbeyfield.ca
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Through an integrated, interdisciplinary team approach, the program offers physical, mental and social support in a community setting with the goal of supporting aging in place and delaying hospitalization and institutionalized care.
Key features
Provides services to older adults in the building and surrounding community.
Facilitates access to community, housing, and holistic health supports and services.
Individual and group services, including a community paramedic clinic, housing system navigation, mental health case management, exercise, health management and social programs, and access to technology.
Location
Canada
Examples
Burlington Ontario Health Team
Sources
Burlington Ontario Health Team. (n.d.). Community Wellness Hub. https://www.burlingtonoht.ca/community-wellness-hub/
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Gerontological Centers are located in the community and are designed to support older adults aging in place by providing adult day support, a site for socialization and health education, and access to health and social services.
Key features
There are more than 100 centers across Croatia.
Specific services include physical, mental, and occupational rehabilitation, legal counseling, and meal delivery.
Location
International
Examples
Gerontological Centers in Croatia
Sources
Burlington Ontario Health Team. (n.d.). Community Wellness Hub.https://www.burlingtonoht.ca/community-wellness-hub/
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This program provides enhanced health, social, and community services to older adults living in social housing with the goals of supporting aging in place and increasing access to services and resources.
Key features
Services include case management, home support services, transportation, social activities and events, and health education.
Home care services (health care needs and support with activities of daily living) are overseen by Care Coordinators assigned to buildings.
Access to a Nurse Practitioner for individuals who do not have a family doctor.
Staffing also includes a Community Support Outreach Coordinator that coordinates social support services, drivers, and home support workers.
Location
Canada
Examples
Sources
Healthcare Excellence Canada. (n.d.). Enabling Aging In Place Promising Practices: Ottawa West Aging in Place Program. https://www.healthcareexcellence.ca/media/q1aj00eb/ottawa_west_aip_case_study_accessible_eng.pdf
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An integrated housing service model that fosters relationship building between tenants and housing staff, focuses on challenges affecting the housing stability of seniors, and increases access to community and health support services.
Key features
A Tenant Advisory Committee oversees the model.
Enhanced staff training and resources to provide better tenant support.
Seniors Health and Wellness Hubs in select buildings offer a range of wellness, social, and health services to tenants and the community.
Seniors Services Coordinators serve as a primary contact for tenants, assisting with referrals to health and community services.
Strong community and health partnerships bring services into the buildings.
Location
Canada
Examples
Toronto Seniors Housing Integrated Service Model
Sources
Toronto Community Housing. (2021, February). 2021 Integrated Service Model Annual Program Report. https://www.torontoseniorshousing.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/2021-ISM-Annual-Program-Report.pdf
41 Toronto Seniors Housing Corporation. (n.d.). Our Integrated Service Model. https://www.torontoseniorshousing.ca/health-and-community/our-integrated-service-model/
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Community-based comprehensive health, social, and respite care coordination based out of an adult day health centre. The goal is to avoid or delay placement into long-term care.
Key features
Community dwelling of 55+ older adults that qualify for long-term care.
Comprehensive acute and long-term care services and geriatric care coordinated and delivered in the community.
Integrated with primary care.
Care is managed by an interdisciplinary team.
Location
United States
Examples
Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE)
Sources
Kodner, D. L., & Kyriacou, C. K. (2000). Fully integrated care for frail elderly: two American models. International journal of integrated care, 1, 1-19.
43 Medicare. (n.d.). PACE. https://www.medicare.gov/health-drug-plans/health-plans/your-coverage-options/other-medicare-health-plans/PACE
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Toyoshikidai, a suburban neighborhood outside Tokyo, is a senior-friendly community that promotes lifelong engagement, accessibility, and well-being. The project integrates housing, healthcare, workplaces, and social infrastructure to support aging in place while enabling older adults to remain active in work and community life.
Key features
Refurbished, barrier-free apartments with accessible facilities and integrated healthcare.
Local businesses hire older adults.
Services include in-home care, meal delivery, pharmacy, community dining, and healthcare.
Multigenerational engagement with after-school programs, relaxation spaces, and other intergenerational activities.
Location
International
Examples
Sources
University of Tokyo. (n.d.). Kashiwa-Toyoshikidai Projects for Enabling Age-friendly Communities. https://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/adm/uci/en/projects/sdgs/projects_00109.html
45 Global Community Technology Consortium (2025, March). Kashiwanoha Smart City Project. https://opencommons.org/Kashiwanoha_Smart_City_Project
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Apartments geared towards older adults over 55, to enable aging in place. Based in the Netherlands where care and services are brought to individuals at all levels of care needs – independent, assisted living, and nursing home level.
Key features
Apartments can be bought or rented and are integrated into the community.
Apartments are secure, wheelchair accessible, and can accommodate equipment needs.
Older adults have access to local community services and volunteer support.
The apartments also offer services to the community, including adult day programs, home care, child day cares and restaurants/cafes.
Location
International
Examples
Sources
Glass, A. P. (2014). Innovative seniors housing and care models: what we can learn from the Netherlands. Seniors Housing and Care Journal, 22(1), 74-81.
Housing for the Aged Action Group. (2018). Levensloopbestendige (Apartments for Life) in The Netherlands. https://www.oldertenants.org.au/content/levensloopbestendige-apartments-for-life-the-netherlands
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NHWW supports older adults and caregivers to age in place by connecting individuals to health and social services, supports, and knowledge in their community. NHWW programs are hosted by nursing homes, which provide the physical space and administrative oversight to support NHWW staff and operations. In some NHWW programs, nursing homes provide direct support to older adults living in the community.
Key features
Directly serves older adults living in the community based on their assessed needs.
Leverages the existing infrastructure, resources, and people from the local nursing home and community.
Common services include transportation, meal delivery, an equipment loan program, client and caregiver support programs, a home safety program, and access to personal support workers.
Location
Canada
Examples
Sources
Healthcare Excellence Canada. (n.d.). Promising Practices: Nursing Home Without Walls (NHWW). https://www.healthcareexcellence.ca/media/05sjb2po/nhww-promising-practice_accessible_en.pdf
Healthcare Excellence Canada. (n.d.). Nursing Home Without Walls. https://www.healthcareexcellence.ca/en/what-we-do/all-programs/nursing-home-without-walls/
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Journey Home Hospice is a program of the Saint Elizabeth Foundation, hosted by Homes First Society (Toronto) and Assisted Living Southwestern Ontario (Windsor). The hospice provides end-of-life care for patients experiencing homelessness and vulnerable housing. It offers 24/7 high-quality, trauma-informed, and culturally safe palliative care, ensuring patients receive holistic, patient-centred support that addresses physical, psychosocial, and spiritual needs.
Key features
Small-scaled units with individualized care
Interdisciplinary care team of physicians, nurses, personal support workers, social workers, spiritual care providers, complementary therapists, and volunteers
Holistic care including trauma-informed, culturally safe, and harm-reducing approaches with psychosocial, spiritual, and bereavement support, plus music and art therapy
Location
Canada
Examples
Sources
Journey Home Hospice (n.d.). https://journeyhomehospice.ca/
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A non-profit, supportive housing model that provides older adults with private rooms within a shared living environment, offering 24/7 personal support services. Designed for older adults with moderate to high care needs, including those with dementia or frailty, the model fosters independence while alleviating pressure on the healthcare system. Residents benefit from affordable, income-geared housing, social engagement opportunities, and culturally tailored services in certain clusters.
Key features
9 to 11 residents occupy a unit with shared living, dining, and kitchen spaces.
24/7 on-site personal support for seniors with frailty, dementia, and other health needs.
Weekly trips to WoodGreen’s Seniors Active Living Centre for activities and community engagement.
Income-geared rent with subsidized PSW services, making it more affordable than long-term care.
Culturally tailored clusters are available
Location
Canada
Examples
1079 Queen Street East (WoodGreen)
Sources
WoodGreen (n.d.). 1070 Queen Street East. https://www.woodgreen.org/programs/1070-queen-street-east
WoodGreen (n.d.). Housing. https://www.woodgreen.org/services/housing
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A small care home is a residential care model providing long-term care in a home-like environment with fewer residents, aiming to deliver more personalized and community-focused care.
Key features
Designed for 10–12 residents, creating a more intimate and home-like atmosphere compared to larger facilities.
Residents have private rooms with ensuite bathrooms and share common areas like kitchens, dining rooms, and living rooms, encouraging social interaction.
Higher staff-to-resident ratio allows for tailored and relationship-based care.
Location
Canada, United States, International
Examples
Sources
The Eden Alternative. (n.d.). https://www.edenalt.org/
The Green House Project. (n.d.). https://thegreenhouseproject.org/
Sherbrooke. (n.d.). The Sherbrooke Village Model. Sherbrooke Community Centre. https://www.sherbrookecommunitycentre.ca/sherbrooke-difference/the-sherbrooke-village-model/
Tideview Terrace. (n.d.). https://tideviewterrace.ca/
Government of Québec. (2023). Maisons des aînés et maisons alternatives. https://www.quebec.ca/sante/systeme-et-services-de-sante/organisation-des-services/maisons-aines-et-maisons-alternatives
ExqisiCare. (n.d.). ExquisiCare Senior Living, SE Health. https://www.exquisicare.com/
Sinha, S.K., Naylor, S., Arulnamby, A., Brierley, A. (2025). There’s No Place Like Home: Why Canada Must Prioritize Small Care Home Models in its Provision of Long-Term Care. National Institute on Ageing. Retrieved from https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5c2fa7b03917eed9b5a436d8/t/678158265129b96131097144/1736529960268/Small+Homes+Report.pdf